Contents

Foreword

1 Introduction

I Evolutionary algorithm structure

2 General structure

2.1 Illustrative evolution

3 Solution candidate space and search space

II Fitness landscape

4 Representation

4.1 Standard coding schemes

4.2 Selected coding examples

4.2.1 Representation of real numbers

4.2.2 Representation of binary/n-ary values

4.2.3 Representation of orderings

4.2.4 Representation of tree structures

4.3 Illustration of alternative representations

5 Fitness

5.1 Approximate fitness

5.2 Competitive fitness

5.3 Complexity based fitness

5.4 Fitness combinations

5.5 Illustration of alternative fitness

III Basic algorithm blocks

6 Selection

6.1 Population sampling

6.1.1 Sampling with explicit probabilities

6.1.1.1 Selection of individuals

6.1.1.2 Selection probability calculation

6.1.2 Sampling with implicit probabilities

6.1.2.1 Tournaments

6.1.2.2 Truncation

6.1.2.3 Random selection

6.2 Fitness remapping

6.2.1 Scaling based remapping

6.2.2 Ranking based remapping

6.3 Comparison of selection methods

7 Replacement

7.1 Replacement types

7.2 Selection of individuals and selection pressure

8 Genetic operators

8.1 Operators for binary coding

8.2 Operators for n-ary coding

8.3 Operators for real coding

8.4 Operators for permutation coding

8.5 Comparison of recombination operators

IV Ready to start

9 Parameter setting

9.1 Exogene setting

9.2 Adaptive setting

9.3 Self-adaptive setting

9.4 No free lunch theorem

10 Population diversity maintaining

10.1 Genetic load

10.2 Subpopulation maintaining

10.3 Penalisation

10.4 Preference of difference

10.5 Comparison of diversity maintaining methods

V Look under hood

11 Building block hypothesis

12 Visualisation

12.1 Visualisation of population

12.2 Visualisation of individuals

12.3 Visualisation of attributes

VI What is what

13 Evolutionary algorithms alternatives

13.1 Classic approaches

13.1.1 Evolutionary strategy

13.1.2 Evolutionary programming

13.1.3 Genetic algorithm

13.2 Newer approaches

13.2.1 Genetic programming

13.2.2 Breeder algorithm

13.2.3 Differential evolution

13.2.4 Self-organising migration algorithm

13.2.5 Harmonic search

13.2.6 Eugenic evolution

VII Appendixes

Mathematical symbols

Slovak ­ English dictionary

References

Index